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==19th century== 1800 – an arbitrary date but it was around this time that systematists began to specialise. There remained entomological polyhistors – those who continued to work on the insect fauna as a whole. From the beginning of the century, however, the specialist began to predominate, harbingered by Johann Wilhelm Meigen's ''Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux aile'' (New classification of the Diptera) commenced in the first year of the century. Lepidopterists were amongst the first to follow Meigen's lead. The specialists fell into three categories. First there were species describers, then specialists in species recognition and then specialists in gross taxonomy. There were however considerable degrees of overlap. Also then, as now, few could entirely resist the lure of groups other than their own, and this was especially true of those in small countries where they were the sole 'expert', and many famous specialists in one order also worked on others. Hence, for instance, many works which began as butterfly faunas were completed as general regional works, often collaboratively. "Man is born not to solve the problems of the universe, but to find out where the problem begins, and then to restrain himself within the limits of the comprehensible" Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ''Conversations with Eckerman: Feb. 13, 1829'' 1800 * Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck first expressed his views on evolution in lectures. * The total number of species of insects described is estimated at not exceeding the figure of 20 000. 1801 *Publication of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck. ''Système des animaux sans vertèbres ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux''. Paris:Deterville in English, 'System of invertebrate animals or general table of classes, orders and genera of these animals' *Johan Christian Fabricius ''Systema eleutheratorum'' commenced. In a series of successive works to 1806 Johan Christian Fabricius developed a classificatory system based entirely on the structure of the mouthparts. *Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger's ''Magazin für Insectenkunde''or Insect Magazine commenced in Brunswick (last issue 1856). One of the first insect magazines. *Marie Françoise Xavier Bichat. ''Traité d’anatomie descriptive'', in English, 'Treatise on descriptive anatomy published in Paris'. This work laid the foundations of a unified structural terminology. *The Aurelian Society meets in London ''"To form a complete and standard cabinet of the entomological productions of Great Britain:- to ascertain their names, uses, and distinctions:-the places and times of their appearance, food economy and peculiarities :- and to point out to the public the readiest and most desirable methods of destroying such as possess properties that are inimical to the welfare of mankind"'' *First part of Pierre André Latreille's Historie naturelle, ''générale et particulièredes crustacés et des insects'' in English, 'General and particular natural history of crustaceans and insects', published in Paris by Dufart. 5817 pp.(14 volumes last published in 1805). In this and succeeding works (1806–1809, 1810, 1825, 1829 Latreille, following Linnaeus, divides the insects into Orders(at first these are called classes), invented the important family concept and also the tribus, proposed the families Asilidae, Muscidae, Syrphidae and Tabanidae (Diptera) as supra generic and erected the insect orders: Parasita, Perliarae, Megaloptera and Panorpatae. * Lamarck and Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, separately proposed term "biology" for the whole science of living things. *Pietro Rossi becomes the world's first professor of entomology in Pisa. 1802 *Charles Nicholas Aubé born. 1803 *Johan Christian Fabricius ''Rhyngotorum secundum ordines''…Reichard, Brunsvigae. Published. *Adrian Hardy Haworth Lepidoptera Britannica (1803–1828) published. This was the most authoritative work on British butterflies and moths until Henry Tibbats Stainton's ''Manual'' in 1857. *Johann Rudolph Schellenberg ''Genres des mouches Diptères représentés en XLII planches projettées, dessinées et expliquées par deux amateurs de l'entomologie'' published in Zürich. *Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres ''Kritische Revision der neuen Ausgabe des systematischen Verzeichnisses von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend''.Braunschweig, Karl Reichard. 1804 *Jacob Hübner ''Sammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge'', in English, 'Collection of European Butterflies', published in Augsburg. *Caspar Erasmus Duftschmid ''Fauna Austriae'', in English, 'Austrian fauna' commenced publication. *Jacob Sturm ''Deutschlands Insecten, Käfer'', in English, 'German Insects, Beetles' commenced. This work was not completed until 1856. Like many insect faunal works, this was planned to cover all orders but got no further than beetles. *Thomas Marsham. ''Entomologica Britannica sisterns Insects Britanniae Indigena Secundum Linneum disposita'' in English, 'British Entomology comprising native British insects disposed (according to) Linnaeus’ second edition. The first British beetle fauna this work treated Coleoptera only. *Jean Frederick Hermann ''Mémoire Aptérologiquepublished by F.L. Hammerin Strasbourg. 1805 *Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois 1805-1821 ''Insectes Recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique'', in English, 'Insects found in Africa and America' *Prodromus Entomology published 1806 *Carl August Dohrn born in Germany (States) *Anders Gustaf Dahlbom (1806–1859) born in Sweden. * Pierre André Latreille ''Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum Secundum Ordinem Naturalem in Familias Disposita, Iconibus, Exemplisque Plurimus Explicata'' 4 vols. Paris 1257pp. commenced, completed 1809. Latreille wrote a series of works each revising his previous classification. *Jacob Hübner. ''Tentamen determinationis, digestionis atque demonstrationis singularum stirpium Lepidopterorum, peritis ad inspiciendum et disjudicandum communicatum.'' published in Augsberg. In English, the title reads 'Preliminary examination. An attempt to fix, arrange and name the individual races of Lepidoptera to experts for examination and the expression of an opinion'. As its title states, this was a discussion document. Inadvertently published, it led to subsequent nomenclatural confusion. *Maximilian Spinola ''Insectorum Liguriae'' etc. published in Genoa, Italy. *André Marie Constant Duméril, 1806 ''Analitische Zoologie''. Published in both French and German. This was an important text for its methodology of classification. 1807 *Louis Jurine ''Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères'', in English, 'New method of classifying Hymenoptera and Diptera'. Published in Genève (Geneva). *Birth year of three specialists in Diptera, Hermann Loew, Alexander Henry Haliday and Camillo Rondani *Guillaume-Antoine Olivier ''Le Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, l'Égypte et la Perse''. *1807: Agostino Bassi (1773–1856) begins research on a disease of the silkworm caused by fungi, preceding work of Louis Pasteur. 1808 *Publication date of Johann Cristoph Friedrich Klug Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. ''Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde'', in English, 'The leaf wasps arranged according to their genera and species'. *Guillaume-Antoine Olivier ''Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Coléoptères''. 1809 * Lamarck's views on evolution were fully elaborated in his ''Philosophie zoologique'' in which he also arranged animals according to relationships and was first to employ the genealogical tree. 1810 *Guillaume-Antoine Olivier redefined the order Orthoptera (Latreille, 1796). This Order has been subject to constant revision. *Franco Andrea Bonelli published ''Observations Entomologique''. *George Perry began'' Arcana'', also titled ''The museum of natural history''. 1811 * Gustaf von Paykull, ''Monographia Histeroidum'' Suecicae published in Upsalla. A monograph is a very complete work on a restricted subject, in this case Histeridae. This is one of the first entomological monographs. *Kurimoto Masayoshi ''Kurimoto's Iconographia Insectorum''or Insects of Japan published. 1812 *Birth of the entomologist Mary Ball. *Volume 1 of the ''Transactions of the Entomological Society of London'' published (though the Society officially dates from 1832) 1813 *William Kirby erected the orders Trichoptera and Strepsiptera *Jean Baptiste Boisduval, ''Faune Entomologique de Madagascar''published. 1814 *William Elford Leach, ''Zoological Miscellany'' begun at London. *Carl Fredrik Fallén, ''Diptera Sueciae'', in English, Diptera of Sweden published at Lund. Fallén's 484 page "Dissertation" this specialist work was published between 1814 and 1825 1815 *William Elford Leach founded the orders Phasmida, Anoplura, Thysanura and Rhaphidides; the hemipterous families Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Belostomidae; the dipterous family Tipulidae and the hymenopterous family Chrysididae and published the first bibliography of entomology in ''Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia''. *William Kirby and William Spence (entomologist), ''Introduction to entomology or elements of the natural history of insects''. 4 vols. London, Longman 2430pp. This masterwork commenced in 1815 and was completed in 1826. It is an outstanding achievement: an entomology and a system of higher units in which Kirby was much influenced by MacLeay. By 1818 it was in its third edition, one of the most popular scientific works of all time. *Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz embarks on the Russian expeditionary ship "Rurik"1815-1822 *Publication of Tome 1 of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck's ''Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres..'' completed with Tome 7 in 1822. Paris, Verdiere. 1816 *Jacob Hübner ''Verzeichniss bekanuten schmetterlinge'',in English, Catalogue of known butterflies published at Augsberg. *Marie Jules Cesar Lelorgne de Savigny, ''Mémoires sur les animaux sans vertèbres''published at Paris. *Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville ''Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal'' Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris *Royal Saxony School of Forestry established at Tharandt. The school taught entomology and later the dipterist Samuel Friedrich Stein became its Director. *First issue of Oken's ''Isis, eine encyclopädische Zeitschrift, vorzüglich für Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie'' published. 1817 *First volume of Thomas Say's ''American entomology '' published in Philadelphia. The pioneering work of American entomology. Some of the illustrations were undertaken by Titian Peale . *Carl Rheinhold Sahlberg, Dissertatio entomologica insecta Fennica enumerans (Coleoptera) commenced. First work on the Coleoptera of Finland. Due to the efforts of Paykull, Leonard Gyllenhaal and Sahlberg the beetles of Scandinavia were better known than in any comparable area at this date. 1818 *Johann Wilhelm Meigen ''Systematische Beschreibung der Bekannten Europäischen zweiflugen Insecten'' 7 vols. Aachen and Hamm 2869pp., in English, Systematic Descriptions of known European Two-winged Insects commenced. The seven volumes spanned the years 1818-1830. ''Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux ailes''. Paris. New classification of the Diptera had already appeared, published in Paris. *Carl Gustav Carus ''Lehrbuch der Zootomie''. Leipzig. Lehrbuchs are student texts. This one is on anatomy, mainly dissection. *Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Suckow ''Anatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen der Insecten und Krustenthiere''. 70 S. mit 11 Kupfern. Engelmann, Heidelberg. 1819 *George Samouelle publishes ''A nomenclature of British Entomology, or a catalogue of above 4000 species of the Classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Spiders, Mites and insects intended as labels for cabinets of Insects, etc., alphabetically arranged'' at London. 1820 * Carl Fredrik Fallèn ''Monographia Muscidum Suecia'' commenced. *Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel with Jean Baptiste Godart, in English, ''Histoire Naturelle des Lépidoptères de France''commenced. This was the first really good French butterfly fauna. *Johann Fischer von Waldheim ''Entomographia Imperii Russici, Genera Insectorum Systematice Exposita et Analysi Inconographia Instructa'' published in Moscow. *Gustaf Johan Billberg ''Enumeratio insectorum in museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Typus Gadelianus''. 1821 *John Fleming ''Insect''a. In: ''Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences''an important systematic work. 1822 *Jacob Johann Hagenbach ''Insectorum Helvetiae exhibentia vel species novas vel nondum depictas''.Basle 1823 *Philipp Franz von Siebold begins natural history studies in Japan. Some of his many Japanese students take up entomology. The species they discovered were described in European journals without explicit attribution. They are honoured here. The invertebrate volume of Siebold's ''Fauna Japonica'' was undertaken by Wilhem de Haan *Johann Wilhelm Dalman 1823, publishes ''Analeceta Entomologica'' Stockholm 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of entomology – 1800–50」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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